Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. And today, we're planning to help you get better at it by sharing some Rise of Kingdoms cheats and tips in our complete strategy guide. "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. James also supported settlement in the New World. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. That same year he married Isabella of Portugal. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Like her mother, Catherine of Aragon, Mary was pro-Spanish and Catholic. The dynasty expanded from Francia as far as modern Italy, Spain, and Hungary, and ruled the eponymous Carolingian Empire (800-887), the largest European political entity to exist until the 19th century. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars In 1585, Alessandro Farnese (15451592), the duke of Parma, surpassed the military skill of even the bloody Alba when he captured the great walled town of Antwerp (a city in present-day Belgium). A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. These requests raised a question about rights to sea routes. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. The Jews were expelled and went mainly to North Africa. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. After the Portuguese defeated the Spanish in a war over the throne in 1385, John established a political alliance with England under the Treaty of Windsor (1386) that has endured to the present day. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. The war between Spain and France continued until 1559, when Italy was placed under Habsburg rule by the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. A: Greek . In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. A: Red Game Info. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. In 1563 and 1565, Philip's troops managed to repel Turkish attacks on Oran, a port city in Algeria, and on the island of Malta, a Spanish stronghold in the Mediterranean near Sicily. He neglected to reward several of his best lieutenants for their services, and as a result he lost their support. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain The reign of Charles and his family, the Anjous, was called the Angevin (pronounced AHN-jeh-vehn) dynasty. The majority of Moriscos were farm laborers, though many worked in trades such as the silk and leather industries. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). He gained his release in March 1526 by agreeing to relinquish all claims to Italy and by giving up the duchies of Burgundy, Flanders (now part of Belgium, France, and the Netherlands), and Artois (a region in northern France). They were at once the lay face of the church, the spiritual heart of civic government, and the social kin who claimed the allegiance of peers and the obedience of subordinates. When Columbus returned from this "New World," Ferdinand and Isabella asked Pope Alexander VI to recognize Spain's authority over these new lands. Medina-Sidonia retreated, taking his ships north around the British Isles. The destruction was so great that the invasion was delayed for a year. 3. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. His excuse was that he was forced to sign the document at a time when he could not think clearly. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity The members with the know how for Rise of Kingdoms. . Charles returned to Spain from Germany in 1522. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. He reached the continent in November. Much like moder. France during the eleventh and early twelfth centuries. England was also dragged into several unsuccessful naval campaigns against Spain and France during the course of the Thirty Years' War. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. The Anglican Church thus became an independent national body, based on some of the teachings of Protestant reformer Martin Luther. (See "Feudalism" in Chapter 1.) Great things take some time to shine. Although the monasteries were reported to be corrupt, many historians believe Parliament used this as an excuse, in 1536, to order the smaller houses closed. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. They had used the borrowed money to bribe imperial electors, the voting representatives who selected Charles as emperor. The plan called for the Armada to sail from Lisbon, Portugal, into the English Channel. According to an official report, when the soldiers reached the city they were so upset by the corruption of the Roman clergy that they committed atrocities. Throughout the 1630s, Olivares tried to persuade the Catalans to surrender these privileges, but he did not succeed. For instance, Philip argued that he, as king, should be able to appoint bishops (officials who head church districts) and make governmental decisions without the consent of the pope. By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. Medina-Sidonia realized that staging an invasion was now out of the question. The main problem was that Charles was a foreigner. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? He records that in the year 1228, "a certain Archbishop of Armenia the Greater came on a pilgrimage to England to see the relics of the saints, and visit the sacred places in the kingdom, as he had done in others; he also produced letters of recommendation from his Holiness the Pope, to the religious and the prelates of the churches, in which . Pole was an English aristocrat who had lived in Italy since Henry VIII's break with the papacy. On August 6, Medina-Sidonia anchored his fleet at Calais to await contact with Parma. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. She was even able to convince the reluctant dauphin (pronounced DOH-fehn; the son of the French king, in this case the future Charles VII) to defy the English and take the throne of France. Once Rome declared victory over the insurgents in Gaul they focused on attacking the Franks. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. In 1492 Ferdinand and Isabella became leaders in the European When the Armada began moving up the English Channel in early August, the English main fleet took advantage of a favorable wind and made three assaults on the Spanish ships. popular route to China and the Spice Islands. The light and quick English ships also had the advantage of being able to outmaneuver the bulky Spanish galleons. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. Ferdinand and Isabella ascended to the throne as the Catholic Monarchs of Spain in 1474. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for . In the years after that, they were even better. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Although Francis had sided with Protestants against his great rival Charles V, he turned against the Waldensians, a group of Protestants in his own country. James also had to contend with religious unrest. For this reason the conflict is known as the Catholic monarchs of Spain in 1474 how for of. 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