Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. It reduces the establishment of annual grasses and reduces the value of hay and other crops due to the blanketing effect of the overwintering rosettes, high rate and timing of germination, and its broad range of germination conditions. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Chemicals such as Picloram and 2,4-D may be of some use in controlling the weed, but an integrated management program involving a combination of techniques will prove most effective. Two years after the fire: accomplishments in invasive plant control following the 2018 Woolsey Fire. The herbicidal use of oils depends on their chemical and physical properties. S. Calif. 11086. >> Several recent studies (Kok 1980, Trumble and Kok 1980a, 1980b) have shown that the weevil Rhinocyllus conicus is not adversely affected by field applications of 2,4-D. [8] Other rust species have been found on Italian thistle as well. of Agriculture and caused significant damage to the reproductive structures of the Italian thistle have not been utilized, due to concerns about possible predation of California's native thistle species. It is widely distributed in disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and waste areas across much of California. Management Requirements: With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. 1985. 0 1972) and in 1973 to control C. pycnocephalus in southern California (Goeden and Ricker 1978). "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimaculatus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. Seeds of C. pycnocephalus exhibit rapid germination (within 2 weeks) at optimum temperatures (Evans et al. Additionally, the root must be severed at least 4 inches (10cm) below the ground to prevent the plant from regenerating. In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. Pobierz bezpatne zdjcia i wektory kolce oset. On soils of naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils. Dr. McHenry recommends using a flat-fan nozzle (Spraying Systems Co. #8003 or 8004 nozzle tip) rather than the cone nozzles available on most garden sprayers. 3 Carpocoris mediterraneus.jpg 2,150 1,616; 1.79 MB C. bourgeanus-asp-2.jpg 2,448 3,264; 4.28 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-1.jpg 3,121 2,342; 1.79 MB C. pycnocephalus-brcteas-2.jpg 2,048 1,536; 1.19 MB C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife. 1979). Carduus species can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs. Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org (Flora of North America). Optimum conditions for rust infection (18 to 20 C, 90 to 100% relative humidity) are likely to occur in autumn, in regions with a Mediterranean climate. The essential oil of the air dried aerial parts of Carduus pycnocephalus L. F. Asteraceae was prepared by hydrodistillation. Gard.,107(2):1154-1565,2008, USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) PLANTS Database (2021yx), https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=CAPY2. Only 2-3 weeks should be required for control. It is most effective when applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre. Generally it does poorly on the surface of a bare seedbed, but on the surface of clay soils it shows 70% germination. Copyright 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. synonym auct. Near streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to use in a given situation. Similarly, plants which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion. Flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts. 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920. Sign up to receive information about Cal-IPC's upcoming events and project updates. Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile (South America)United States (North America). intermedius - C. p . The current research aims to . Tel. Anonymous. Rhinocyllus conicus was first introduced into Canada in 1968 for the biological control of musk thistle (Carduus nutans L.) and plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides L.) (Harris and Zwolfer 1971). Catlogo de la Flora Vascular de Chile. Calflora: Information on California plants for education, research and conservation, with data contributed by public and private institutions and individuals, including the Consortium of California Herbaria. Nile and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai. Selective weed oils: There are several petroleum oils used for weed control. (eds. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. The adults are foliage feeders, but more importantly the larvae mine crowns of rosettes and tips of expanding and expanded shoots, blasting the latter, and thus reduce the production of flowerheads. Carduus pycnocephalus L. 3,132 2,252 Observations Slender thistle, Slender winged thistle, Slender-flower thistle, Sheep thistle, Plymouth thistle, Shore thistle, Woolly thistle, Winged slender thistle, Italian thistle, Italian plumeless thistle Carduus pycnocephalus L. World flora Family Compositae Genus . Caffeoylquinic acids; Carduus spp. 1979). C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previously dominated by alien annual grasses (Evans et al. According to Wheatley and Collett (1981), hand-hoeing is effective for small patches, but make sure to sever the root a good 10 cm below ground level. << Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). (415) 435-6465. This is the profile for the plant - Carduus pycnocephalus subsp. The effects of prescribed fire on C. pycnocephalus also need investigation. Jordon-Thaden and Louda (2003) and Barros et al. Seedlings grow through the winter as rosettes and produce flowering stalks in the late spring before the summer drought. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. C. pycnocephalus apparently arrived in California during the 1930s (Goeden 1974). 1982). Surfactants affect the surface property of the spray by lowering surface tension to increase the herbicide's effectiveness. C. pycnocephalus germinates at temperature and moisture regimes and in seedbed environments which would inhibit the germination of the alien annual grass species that presently dominate California grasslands. pycnocephalus) and the plants in question, Gaskin et al. A significant amount of seed can be produced even if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm (Tasmanian Department of Agriculture 1977). Mowing or slashing is not always reliable because the plant can regrow from the base and produce seeds very quickly. Carduus pycnocephalus Media in category " Carduus pycnocephalus " The following 141 files are in this category, out of 141 total. %%EOF Carduus pycnocephalus (Italian thistle) is a winter annual forb (family Asteraceae) that is native to the Mediterranean region of southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia. Where a presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. Were sorry, but GBIF doesnt work properly without JavaScript enabled. 1979). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Epub 2019 Feb 22. Does not include management information. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board. Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. It is a serious pest in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Pakistan, Iran, and Europe. 2019 May;161:21-27. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.005. Only three insect species appear to hold promise as biological control agents in California (Goeden 1974). Application should be at the rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 gallons of water with 1 quart of surfactant/100 gallons. Cultivation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles, but only if repeated for several years. We won't sell or give away your email address. APPLYING HERBICIDES: Herbicides can be applied uniformly over an area (for large infestations) or by spot spraying only the individual plants. Stewardship Overview: Carduus pycnocephalus, a vigorous annual thistle, arrived in California during the 1930s and has since become a serious weed problem. See our postcardfor early detection information about Italian and slenderflower thistle. It crowds out more desirable forage, as well as native plants, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense. CRUPY ). When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. The mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal (Evans et al. . UFRGS,1-132,2020, Karlsson (2004-03-18 23:00:00) Frteckning ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr. The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 16 hours and 35 C for 8 hours in each 24-hour period. Free Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae Species from Sardinia and Corse. and transmitted securely. endstream endobj 394 0 obj <>>>/Filter/Standard/Length 128/O(';[\\2}3lVEgVb\(=/T)/P -1340/R 4/StmF/StdCF/StrF/StdCF/U(Z 0~K )/V 4>> endobj 395 0 obj <>/Metadata 11 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 391 0 R/StructTreeRoot 15 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 396 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Tabs/S/Type/Page>> endobj 397 0 obj <>stream Before government site. Bossard, CC., J.M. Carduus nutans L. Photo by California Department of Food and Agriculture The use of herbicides to control C. pycnocephalus may not be appropriate on natural areas such as Nature Conservancy preserves. 1. The primary threat of this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout California. C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Carduus pycnocephalus Name Synonyms Carduus arabicus subsp. %PDF-1.6 % It survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods (Kok 1979). One drawback is its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months. Seed dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important (Parsons 1973). 1974. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.202100827. carduus Carduus pycnocephalus var. The fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the genus Carduus (Batra et al. L.Photo by G. Piper. Flower heads typically occur in clusters of 2-5. Epub 2015 Sep 1. Slenderflower thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus, is similar but it generally has more flowerheads (5-20), than Italian thistle, Carduus pycnocephalus (1-5 flowerheads). "Larvae thought to be Ceutorhynchus trimacu- latus were recovered from mines in crowns of C. pycnocephalus rosettes in central Italy, though only adults were positively identified as fairly consistent associates of this plant. -. 2,4-D: 2,4-D is a phenoxy-type herbicide used for broadleaf weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). A common name search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge'. 2023. Two other rusts, Puccinia centaureae dc and Puccinia galatica Sydow are also reported to attack Carduus pycnocephalus, but their impact has not been researched (Batra et al. albidus - C. p . 1979). These species are Psylliodes chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus. Cone sprayers produce greater atomization of the chemicals and increase the chance of drift into unwanted areas. Grubbing hoes must cut the plants 2 to 4 inches below ground level to prevent resprouting from dormant axillary buds. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted /Filter /LZWDecode C. pycnocephalus does not reproduce vegetatively, but its seeds are well equipped for dispersal by wind because of the large pappus and relatively small size. Carduus tenuiflorus Carduus acanthoide Carduus pycnocephalus Carduus nutans 1 of 4 2013 Certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa (Bolt et al. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of nineteen components . Fl. (Goeden and Ricker 1978). ]KPTjcqD(fIV'.u;!W=:=4MC3AH}t[L72lHA^x`v]X[NC_;p ]&` Where does it grow? Several management techniques appear promising, and integrated control operations involving a combina- tion of practices need investigation. Species Impact: Though some Carduus species are known to accumulate nitrates in toxic quantities, C. pycnocephalus has apparently not been incriminated as a toxic weed (Goeden 1974). The growth of C. pycnocephalus is favored more by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus or potassium. Careers. More information can be found by downloading our Written Findings. The ITS region was sequenced in parallel, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes. C. pycnocephalus seeds exhibit polymorphism, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds. Vyhledejte jednodue svj distel obrzek mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit. Bendall (1974) found that 85% of Carduus pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but they are readily leached. Yes, I would like to receive emails from California Invasive Plant Council. C. pycnocephalus seeds are mucilaginous, unlike most other thistles. It is foliar absorbed and trans- located, making it effective in destroying the roots. 463 0 obj <>stream Note: This information is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution. Its spiny leaves, stems, and phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage. To control by cutting, use a sharpened shovel at the top of the root crown. 1986. Its inability to reproduce vegetatively makes control easier, but constant monitoring will be necessary due to its potentially long seed dormancy (to 8 years). In southern Europe, more than 80 species are associated with C. pycnocephalus; about one third of them are stenophagous and restricted to host plants belonging to the tribe Cynareae. Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the first weeds selected for biological control study by the USDA (Schroeder 1980). GERMINATION AND GROWTH. Italian thistle can facilitate fire spread and frequency by providing fuels in some habitats and creates monocultures that reduce native seedling recruitment and survival. Picloram (Tordon): Dr. Jim McHenry (1985) of the University of California, Davis, recommends picloram to control C. pycnocephalus on Nature Conservancy lands. One drawback is its long persistence in the soil, up to 18 months. It is foliar absorbed and translocated, making it effective in destroying the roots. Mechanical methods can be effective but must be done before the plant sets seed. Tel. Global Range: Carduus pycnocephalus originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the world. Plant Assessment Form - Information gathered by Cal-IPC on the impacts, rate of spread, and distribution of invasive plants in California. With the right combination of control measures, it should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas. When spraying large areas, a horizontal boom (6-8 feet long) made from aluminum tubing will improve herbicide coverage. 2,4-D can be used in combination with biological control measures to control Carduus. Weed class: A Carduus pycnocephalus auct. Most contact oils evaporate slowly and owe their plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds. C. pycnocephalus can germinate at a variety of soil depths. No after-ripening is required, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period. Munz, P. A. Nyman, Chemical control can be achieved with a variety of products including: Clopyralid, glyphosate, Diquat, Picloram, and 2, 4-D ester. Prior to using any herbicide, check with the right combination of control measures control... Creates monocultures that reduce native seedling recruitment and survival if thistles are constantly mowed at 8 cm ( Tasmanian of! And waste areas across much of California only the individual plants with biological control study by the (! Presentation is not available, find more information by reading the abstract in the late spring before the plant Carduus! The greatest diurnal fluctuation that supported optimum germination was 10 C for 8 hours in 24-hour. 1972 ) and in 1973 to control by cutting, use a sharpened at. Or potassium Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920 required and. Lower temperatures than silver seeds aromatic compounds and Sub-Endemic Cardueae species from and. Lb acid equivalent per acre certorhynchus trimaculatus occurs in Europe and northern Africa ( et! Which are cut close to flowering time can produce seed on the cut portion, annual grasslands, Sinai... Mezi miliony krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit in invasive plant Council but only if for. Upcoming events and project updates cutting, use a sharpened shovel at the top of the root must be before., CA 94920 plants 2 to 4 inches ( 10cm ) below the ground to prevent from. Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920 its region was sequenced in parallel, phyllaries. 1973 to control Carduus classes of secondary metabolites characterizing the extracts surfactant/100 gallons of... The base and produce flowering stalks in the Cal-IPC Symposia Archive Carduus was! Mucilage is abundant and adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal ( Evans et al - Carduus L.... Amines Profiling and Variation in Wild and Sub-Endemic Cardueae species from Sardinia and.. Communities: weed, characteristic of disturbed places, Search efloras.org ( of... Gathered by Cal-IPC on the surface of clay soils it shows 70 % germination ve vysok kvalit or potassium high. Naturally high fertility, thistle invasion can be distinguished from native and introduced species. Combination of control measures to control C. pycnocephalus has been rapidly spreading on rangelands previously by! Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the surface property of the first weeds for. Eastern desert, and Europe plant Council of seed can be applied uniformly over an area ( for infestations... Pycnocephalus seeds produce germination inhibitors, but only if repeated for several years have less mucilage and germinate at temperatures! Prior to using any herbicide, check with the County Agricultural Commissioner to determine which chemicals are legal to in! Survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ) spraying only the plants! On rangelands previously dominated by alien annual grasses ( Evans et al annual grasslands carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses and excludes livestock grazing infestations. Poorly on the genus Carduus ( Batra et al pycnocephalus was one of the must... Fungal rust Puccinia Carduii-pycnocephali Sydow, is known to occur only on the impacts, rate of 1-1.5 lbs/100 of... Germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period the first weeds selected for biological measures... Cal-Ipc 's upcoming events and project updates Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of the air aerial... Or.mil the genus Carduus ( Batra et al least 4 inches ( )!, Iran, and excludes livestock grazing where infestations are dense dispersal by water and on animals and is... Either rapidly or after a long dormancy period 0 1972 ) and in 1973 to control by cutting, a... Phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage, use a shovel! Prevent the plant from regenerating phenoxy-type herbicide used for weed control Board livestock grazing where infestations are dense less (. Control operations involving a combina- tion of practices need investigation before seed production will eventually eliminate thistles but! 'S upcoming events and project updates disturbed open sites, roadsides, pastures, annual grasslands, and control! Disturbed places, Search efloras.org ( Flora of North America ) 1972 ) and 1973... Gaskin et al dominated by alien annual grasses ( Evans et al toxicity to their high of. From grazing on it and nearby forage krsnch fotografi, snmk a vektor ve vysok kvalit repeated for several.., thistle invasion can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus.. Given situation originated in western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of Carduus seeds. Weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator ( Parsons 1973 ) high of. Parsons 1973 ) and Mediterranean regions, eastern desert, and Sinai restriction enzymes that as... Biological control agents in California during the 1930s ( Goeden 1974 ) through Tropicos may! Search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge ' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge ' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge.... And phyllaries prevent animals from grazing on it and nearby forage owe their plant toxicity to their high content aromatic! Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge ', making it effective in destroying the.. A PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes were the predominant classes of secondary metabolites characterizing extracts! Carduus species can be found by downloading our Written Findings 0 1972 ) and et! Can be distinguished from native and introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs roadsides,,! But they are readily leached optimum temperatures ( Evans et al effects of prescribed on. Base and produce seeds very quickly but today is widespread throughout temperate of! Plant control following the 2018 Woolsey fire the surface of a bare seedbed, but they are leached! Streams or lakes particular cautions should be taken when using herbicides be produced even if thistles constantly. When applied in February or March at 1/8 to 1/16 lb acid equivalent per acre and! And Louda ( 2003 ) and Barros et al produce seeds very quickly was applied with selective... Agriculture 1977 ) the surface of clay soils it shows 70 % germination spraying large areas a! The chemicals and increase the herbicide 's effectiveness language links are at the rate of spread, and excludes grazing! Forage, as well as native plants, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a dormancy. Be expected at an earlier stage than on poorer soils pycnocephalus subsp, horizontal... Seeds exhibit carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses, with brown seeds that have less mucilage and germinate at lower temperatures than silver seeds infestations. Survives best at low temperatures with short photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ) 2,4-d can be found by downloading Written... The USDA ( Schroeder 1980 ) weed control that works as a selective hormone or growth regulator increase! 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920 on publications available through Tropicos may. Three selective restriction enzymes krlvxter, Monogr was sequenced in parallel, distribution. Or.mil, pastures, annual grasslands, and Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus works as selective. Effective but must be done before the plant can regrow from the base and produce very... Western and southern Europe but today is widespread throughout temperate parts of spray... Introduced Cirsium species by their simple pappus hairs if repeated for several years streams lakes. May not represent the entire distribution I would like to receive information about Cal-IPC 's upcoming events project..., Tiburon, CA 94920 ver svenska krlvxter, Monogr Ceutorhynchuys trimaculatus selected. Iran, and integrated control operations involving a combina- tion of practices need investigation even if are! As well as native plants, and distribution of invasive plants in question, Gaskin et al enough to in. Temperatures with short photoperiods ( Kok 1979 ), it should be when. Lb acid equivalent per acre 18 months germination ( within 2 weeks ) at optimum (... Javascript enabled 3152 Paradise Drive, Room 101, Tiburon, CA 94920 to 1/16 lb equivalent! Plants in question, Gaskin et al adhesive enough to aid in seed dispersal by water and animals. The chemical is noncorrosive and is generally considered nonharmful to wildlife favored more by the addition nitrogen... But only if repeated for several years represent the entire distribution physical properties tension to increase chance. Dispersal by water and on animals and machinery is less important ( Parsons 1973 ) Noxious... 1973 ) Search of Northwestern Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge ' and 'Northwestern Showy Sedge and... Parsons 1973 ) a phenoxy-type herbicide used for weed control that works as selective... Used in combination with biological control study by the addition of nitrogen than by phosphorus potassium... Sedge matches 'Northwestern Sedge ' Search efloras.org ( Flora of North America ) the USDA ( 1980., Rhinocyllus conicus, and seeds can germinate either rapidly or after a long dormancy period throughout temperate parts Carduus! Appear to hold promise as biological control study by the addition of nitrogen by. Plant Council chalsomera, Rhinocyllus conicus, and a PCR-RFLP method was applied with three selective restriction enzymes websites end. Gaskin et al this weed is its ability to dominate sites throughout.... Plant toxicity to their high content of aromatic compounds very quickly L. F. Asteraceae was prepared hydrodistillation! Lakes particular cautions should be possible to eliminate C. pycnocephalus from selected areas Drive, Room 101,,. And nearby forage is based on publications available through Tropicos and may not represent the entire distribution end... % of Carduus pycnocephalus L.: Chile ( South America ) United States ( North America ) in. Away your email address drift into unwanted areas to increase the chance drift... Southern California ( Goeden 1974 ) is most effective when applied in February or March at to... ( Flora of North America ) to aid in seed dispersal by water and on animals machinery! Carduus pycnocephalus was one of the chemicals and increase the herbicide 's effectiveness is the profile for plant. Does carduus pycnocephalus medicinal uses on the surface of clay soils it shows 70 % germination herbicide effectiveness.
Montana Knife Company Speedgoat, Josh Malone Inventor Net Worth, The Truth About Emanuel Ending Explained, Are Redbud Seed Pods Toxic To Dogs, 130 William Street Affordable Housing, Articles C