Some of these theories may be controversial, or questionable, for some people; nonetheless, knowing them broadens our understanding of the meaning and nature of religion. He regarded the belief in God as a childish and neurotic illusion which rational and realistic persons ought to abandon. The goods that the workers helped produced by means of their labor (using the materials and machines owned by the capitalists) were sold in the market at a certain value. The dominant sense in which the contemporary study of religion is understood is the descriptive sense. He also introduced a broad program and methodology of comparing religions, which included principles like gaining knowledge of others through their own writings, grouping religions according to their regional, linguistic contexts, and avoiding the common distortion of comparing the positive aspects of one religion with the negative aspects of another (Paden 2005, 212-213). Religion can be said to be subjective in at least two senses. Defining the line between what is "supernatural" and "natural" is sometimes difficult, especially since some . In my opinion, the study of different approaches to the study and comprehension of religions is indeed an exciting and important topic. Approaches to Studying Religion (three courses): Three courses, one in each area, covering more than one major religious tradition; level II or level III courses may be used to fulfill this requirement; a general education course in . 2.Religious studies has a bigger scope because it analyzes the different world religions. The findings that focus on the scientific study of religion, including the SSSR and the SSR units within the AAR, are especially highlighted, as are contrasts between sociological and psychological approaches in the academic study of religion. . This includes such traditional points of departure as history, philosophy, anthropology, psychology, and sociology, but also the natural sciences, and such other approaches as feminist theory, discourse . For Jung, religious experiences are manifestations of the archetypes in the collective unconscious in our own consciousness. Is religion a valid category of scholarly inquiry? On the face of it, the field of religion is no different from other fields within the humanities, and to study religion should simply mean to reflect upon religious materials from a . Conflict sometimes arises because the committed point of view is likely to begin from a more conservative stance, accepting at face value the scriptural accounts of events, whereas the secular historian may be more skeptical, especially of records of miraculous events. Its object is not personal, although is a necessary condition of the yoga. As the world's largest democracy, India . Approaches to the Study of Religion. An alternative approach is to select central themes of inquiry and to investigate how the religions engage with each theme. The implications of the first approach have been resisted in many quarters. c.) the truth or falsity of religion. Religion is the sigh of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, just as it is the spirit of a spiritless situation. The anthropological objection, baldly stated, claims that it is just not correct or helpful to say that religion only functions as a term associated with western imperialist and neo-colonialist projects. Accordingly, Calvinists believed in predestination, the view that God has already decided on who will enter heaven or not. The disaggregating approach helps us answer this critique. To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! No plagiarism, guaranteed! Normative inquiries primarily concern the truth of religious claims, the acceptability of religious values, and other such normative aspects; descriptive inquiries, which are only indirectly involved with the normative elements of religion, are primarily concerned with the history, structure, and other observable elements of religion. d.) the impossibility of studying other cultures' religions. Disclaimer: This is an example of a student written essay.Click here for sample essays written by our professional writers. It concerns itself with providing a critical analysis of historical writings describing a particular civilization, empire or society.Dominant power structures, political ideologies, personal biases, cultural trends and social norms steer narratives . Your email address will not be published. As a social institution, religion is a pattern of social action organized around the beliefs and practices that people develop to answer questions about the meaning of existence. 2 The closer a country comes to having equal shares of the . The attempt simply to describe and not judge religious beliefs and practices is often considered to involve epochthat is, the suspension of belief and the bracketing of the phenomena under investigation. It can use either separately or in any combination the methods of history, sociology, On the other hand, comparative religion refers to a branch of religious studies that is concerned with the systematic comparison of the doctrines and practices of two or more particular religions. As stated earlier, French sociologist mile Durkheim (1858-1917) defined religion as a "unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things" (1915). But because they wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one good indicator. The word anthropology means science of human beings or humanity. Much of the interesting work done in anthropology, sociology, and religious studies departments, for example, draws on both the first and the second approach). For the last four decades universities and schools have been acting in response to a constant, steady demand for courses upon the study of religion. This means, among others, that the philosophy of religion justifies claims by the strength and coherence of arguments. The Hijab Controversy in Political Philosophy (Oxford University Press 2008). Consequently, the systematic study of the doctrines of Buddhism and Hinduism, for instance, are respectively called Buddhist philosophy and Hindu philosophy, and not Buddhist theology and Hindu theology. To a large extent and outside the main trend in social science, these approaches were mostly oriented toward meaning, symbolism, language and discourse.They were rooted in deeper philosophical traditions, which were different and significantly outside the positivist tradition of contemporary . It describes, compares, interprets, and explains religion, emphasizing systematic, historically based, and cross-cultural perspectives. By criticizing religion, I mean not the critique of the beliefs or practices of self-described religious individuals or groups but rather the critique of the concept of religion as a scholarly category. The study of religion emerged as a formal discipline during the 19th century, when the methods and approaches of history, philology, literary criticism, psychology, anthropology, sociology, economics, and other fields were brought to bear on the task of determining the history, origins, and functions of religion. 3.Theology requires its learners to have some degree of faith whereas religious studies does not . Another reason is that questions about the origins and functions of religion have often been conflated with questions about the truth of religion, and this has led to controversies that tend to hinder the development of common concepts, methodologies, and problems. Furthermore, if theology studies a particular religion always from the inside, religious studies study different religions mostly from the outside. 4 Ecumenical/Inclusivism. Reviews aren't verified, but Google checks for and removes fake content when it's identified. Also we can see the beliefs, symbolim and teachings of Auroville fitting weel within the above detailed classifacations of Smarts dimensions of religion. Among the many faiths represented here are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism. In addition to the main scriptures of a particular religion, theology often involves the study of the works of recognized theologians who are usually believers of the religion. Peter Connolly. Other religions are sourced in man's rebellion against God and/or demonic influence. The aims of the Diploma Programme world religions course are to enable students to: promote an inquiring, analytical and empathetic approach to the study of religion. The study of the religious notions of primitive people arose within the context of evolutionary theory. Briefly, the arguments from causation and motion claim that the series of causes and effects, and movements in the world, must begin with God being the first cause and mover; the argument from design claims that the intricate design of the world cannot be attributed to mere chance but only to God as the divine intelligence; the argument from necessity claims that there must be a God who is a necessary being (one who has always been existing) to explain how contingent beings (those that presently exist but previously did not) have come to exist; and the argument from degrees of perfection claims that there must be a God whose perfection serves as the standard for determining the degrees of qualities that we attribute to things (like that they are good or better). Nationalist elites, in turn, fought to deny the label of religion to national traditions (see Shintoism in Japan and Confucianism in China). Sociology in general looks at people's . These different approaches disagree about the essence of religion, but all three camps operate within a shared account of the human. Religious devotees are divided on their reactions to psychology of religion. From its approach, we understand that Sri Aurobindo begins his work clearly within religious prospect, particularly his own relation with yoga, he explains; the practice is not for ourselves alone, but for the Divine; The intent is to find occupation of good in the world, to outcome a spiritual conversion and to bring down a divine nature and a divine life into the mental, vital and physical nature and life of humanity. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) As we examine the different disciplinal approaches to the study of religion, we shall briefly touch on some of the external theories of religion. Each of these approaches can be applied to the study of religious diversity. Aside from being exploited, the workers were also dehumanized or alienated in the workplace. Nevertheless, common to all these different terms and their respective definitions of approach was the motivation to dispense with theologically orientated normative constructions in the study of religion. APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF RELIGION WILLIAM E. ARNAL New York University has a religious studies program, but not a de- partment. So with Aurobindo is clear the goal is more directly mystical ,to became one with the divine . The journal is a very significant endeavor since, until we launched it, there was no journal in the study of religion that has focused exclusively on developing a critical approach. Phenomenology or Religion (3) Study of consciousness and experiences. The works of both Sri Aurobindo and Ninian Smart shows two drastic and completely different approaches to religion. This suggests that the works of these thinkers cut across the disciplines of sociology and anthropology. Manifestations of the sacred. describing how religion is experienced by practitioners. Author of, Robert Segal, Chair in Religious Studies, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland. The method used was to compare the subjective experience with the intent of shaping the arrangement of religion itself from within the structure. The fast, they abstain from sex, they walk on fire, perform self-flagellation, or nail themselves on crosses. The people who take these courses are usually involved in religion themselves ,many are involved a in religious communities or, wishing to know more and learn regarding the religious beliefs of others. Influential sociological theories of religion came from Karl Marx (1818-1893), Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), and Max Weber (1864-1920). It also depends heavily on the motives the researcher brings to his or her investigation of religious or worldview issues. So neutrality, for liberals such as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is generalized non-establishment. Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom offer a compelling response to the critical religion school. Different approaches to religion education have been in place for a long time or developed more recently to meet growing religious and cultural plurality in European countries and schools. In this article, I summarise and discuss basic principles for a study-of-religion(s) approach to religion education, adding arguments and perspectives from critical theories about education in general. TTh 2:40-4:00. Two famous and highly influential Christian theologians who also engaged in philosophy of religion were St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. Certain attempts at a functionalist definition of religion, such as that of the German American theologian Paul Tillich (18861965), who defined religion in terms of human beings ultimate concern, would leave the way open to count these ideologies as proper objects of the study of religion (Tillich himself called them quasi-religions). Aurobindo did not just stick to an immanental experience of a divine being but that there must be transcendence within the individuals life which is seen in Auroville with a lived approach to ones faith rather like that which is common within Charismatic and Evangelical Churches. Religious studies, also known as the study of religion, is an academic field devoted to research into religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions. Network analysis applied to such data may provide insight into real-life mixtures . A comprehensive overview of the history and context of feminist approaches to the study of religions, including a helpful discussion of the relationship of these approaches to feminist theology. A criticism of his approach is that it is far to scientific and while starting from the experiential and emotional he soon slips back into trying to seek common themes within all religions. (Ninian Smart,pp10-12,Dimension of the sacred an anatomy of the worlds beliefs ,Harper Collins Publisher 1196) We see from Smarts classifactory account, Smarts perspective in sustaining a phenomenological perception to the methodology of approach to the study, is far different from the approach that Sri Aurobindo use. No consensus among scholars concerning the best way to study religion has developed, however. Egalitarian theorists of religious freedom, from this perspective, are right to seek to identify the normative grounds on which certain beliefs and practices call for state protection (or state restraint, in the case of non-establishment). We pick out, from the complex notion of religion that we have inherited, distinct elements and values that democratic law has good reason to protect. Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) defines religion as "a unified system of beliefs and Hence the proposed shift from an analogizing to a disaggregating strategy. Reformulated in this way, Sullivans critique has bite. First, the practice of religion involves inner experiences and sentiments, such as feelings of God guiding the life of the devotee. The term phenomenology refers first to the attempt to describe religious phenomena in a way that brings out the beliefs and attitudes of the adherents of the religion under investigation but without either endorsing or rejecting the beliefs and attitudes. Durkheim was more interested in the unifying effect of religion among members of a society. By studying different religious . Another illustration of religious beliefs is the creation stories we find in different religions. This had led some scholars, such as Tim Fitzgerald and Naomi Goldenberg, to draw the radical conclusion that the category of religion should be simply abandoned. Sociology studies human societies, their interactions, and the processes that preserve and change them. Smart contemplated these question for many years investigating various religions in the world. The author as part of his degree course has studied these two vastly differing approaches. From the belief in human souls grew the belief in other spirits, like those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods. The challenge is threefold: we must attend to the concerns of the critical religion school while, at the same time, be sensitive both to the lived reality of religious experience and belief, and to the protection of the normative ideals underpinning freedom of religion in the law. Thus, the preliminary task of the student of religion must be to amass an inventory of kinds of religious phenomena. Like Muslim reformists' approach of reform, which attempted to reconstruct Islamic religious thought in the light of modern science and knowledge, Christian neo-orthodoxy insisted that Christianity itself needs continually to be rethought and that theology must engage seriously with the . 2. Required fields are marked *. Sociology of religion, on the other hand, studies religious beliefs, practices, and organizations using the theories and methods of the discipline of sociology. Sociology is one such approach that this essay will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile Durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx. Significance is reported at the p < .10 level. Nigerias 2023 Elections: Which Way Democracy? "Religion: Problems of Definition and Explanation", in Anthropological Approaches to the Study of Religion, Michael Banton (ed. Office hours: MW 3-4, TTh 1-2:30. and by appointment. Hence, we also have Jewish theology (and Jewish theologians) and Islamic theology (and Islamic theologians). Aquinas is famous for his five proofs for the existence of God: his arguments from causation, motion, necessity, design, and degrees of protection. Thus, when William James describes religion as. Sociologists study religion as both a belief system and a social institution. For instance, a student of Christian theology is a Christian; but a student of religious studies studying Shintoism is usually not a Shintoist. This can often lead to conflicts, including those that arise on religious grounds. Violence against Women in Politics in Brazil: An Instrument of Power and Anti-Egalitarian Obstruction, District Selection and Racial Identity: Voting Preferences in the Colombian Congress Black District, Improving Evidence and Relevance at the Same Time, RFP | SSRC Religion, Spirituality, and Democratic Renewal Fellowship, Understanding and undoing the far right: India and beyond, The Overlooked Spoilers Beclouding Nigerias 2023 Elections, A Goal-Means Analysis of Security in Political Parties Manifestos for Nigerias 2023 Presidential Election. They take significant risks and spend time, money, and all kinds of valuable resources for their Religion. The modern sovereign state is grounded in a distinctive political theology that mobilizes the structural categories of metaphysics and theology to bolster and consolidate the higher identity of secular citizenship. The term fundamentalism can be used in very different religious contexts and texts to describe the devotion and strict loyalty to a set of principles or ideas. Overall, 36% of Americans now say they attend religious services at least once a week, down from 39% in 2007. Such distinctions, however, only serve to shore up the arbitrary power that the state has to demarcate the sphere of its own sovereignty. Animism consists of the belief in immortal souls, gods, and other spiritual beings. As to the first sense, one of the challenges to the student of religion is the problem of evoking its inner, individual side, which is not observable in any straightforward way. There are doubts about how far there can be neutrality and objectivity in the study of religion. For Jung, religious experiences are manifestations of the archetypes in the collective unconscious in our own consciousness. 1 Review. The study of religion may thus come to have a reflexive effect on religion itself, such as the manner in which modern Christian theology has been profoundly affected by the whole question of the historicity of the New Testament. 2 Psychological. a creation of capitalism, for Weber it is the other way roundcapitalism is largely due to religion, more specifically, the Calvinist religion. *You can also browse our support articles here >. It may perhaps intensify your religious experience. Ninian Smarts approach to religion is described in his academic literature as a completely new way to the thinking of religion. Sociology in general looks at people's . The author will attempt to evaluate the strengths and weakness of two approaches to religion and try to compare the work of the two representations and their methodology .The first is Professor Ninian Smart as he wrote widely, regarding different topics in religions, with papers and articles appearing in a vast range of . Thus in principle it is the study of all religions from a viewpoint not isolated within any one of them. Tylor, in his work Primitive Culture (1871), claimed that the essence of religion or the minimum defining property of religion, is the belief in Spiritual Beings, which he called animism. Not surprisingly, religion-making quickly became a tool of colonial and neo-colonial governance. It may well be true that the boundaries between religion and other cognate concepts such as tradition, culture, ideology, faith, reason, and so forth are porous and fuzzy. Religion should be disaggregated into a number of different values which relate to the law of the liberal state in different ways. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. Is Sri Aurobindo truly internal when we have the community of Auroville and a culture around him? T here are many ways of studying religions. (Stephen H.Phillips.p79,Aurobindo`s Philosophyof Brahman,E.J.Brill Leiden 1986), The strength of Smart can be seen that he does not wish to strip religion or faith down to one or two elements say belief in The Virgin Birth and the dogma of out with the church there is no salvation but his classificatory account makes it clear that it has many elements and strands. Transcribed image text: To address the following questions, consider the four approaches to religion described in the introduction to this module exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people. This approach teaches that there is only one true religion and only one way of salvation. Durkheim argued that "religion happens . These philosophical issues include, among many others, whether we can adequately prove the existence of God, reconcile the existence of evil with the existence of a God who is wholly good and all-powerful, reconcile Gods omniscience (the power to know everything) and foreknowledge (the power to know future events) with human freedom, explain the nature of miracles, determine the meaningfulness of religious language (how religious linguistic expressions acquire their meanings), and many others. The law does not describe and regulate the full experience of marriage: the fact that, in law, marriage is a contract does not mean that marriage is, or should be experienced as, a contract. One contribution of St. Augustine was his theory that evil is the absence of good (which he adopted from the view of the Greek philosopher Plotinus on the nature of light and darkness). Evolutionary Approaches. Still another difference is that while theology limits itself to its own internal theory of religion (its own account for its origins and functions), religious studies considers external theories of religion (accounts of the origins and functions of religion by other academic disciplines). by Ccile Laborde February 5, 2014. Last November, Chris had the pleasure of chatting to Professor Benjamin Beit-Hallahmi about the psychological approach, how one applies it to . Marrett (1866-1943) was, similar to Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion and who adopted the evolutionary approach. Sensory experience. Instead, I shall merely sketch an alternative strategy. Can we truly compare two totally different views religion one very internal the other very visual? Although I cannot make the full case here, I sketch a preliminary defense of the third approach, in the . Describe a friend, acquaintance, or relative whose approach to religion is different than yours. Methodologies provide a lense of analysis from which to view the field of religous studies. (Peter Connolly,pp1-2Approche to the Study of Religion,Biddles L.T.D.) This means that a student of theology is a follower of the particular religion he/she is studying; whereas a student of religious studies is usually not a follower of the religions he/she is studying. Best way to study religion has developed, however motives the researcher brings to his or her of... And other spiritual beings from 39 % in 2007 acquaintance, or relative whose approach to religion is different yours... Least two senses or nail themselves on crosses true religion and only one true religion and only one of. Religions from a viewpoint not isolated within any one of them significant and... 1866-1943 ) was, similar to Tylor, an anthropologist who studied religion who. How one applies it to Thomas Aquinas 3 ) study of consciousness and.... 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Amass an inventory of kinds of valuable resources for their religion and Jewish theologians ) and Islamic theologians ) Islamic... Freedom offer a compelling response to the critical religion school used was to compare the subjective experience the! The third approach, in the study of religion the law of the will be at. Of the religious notions of primitive people arose within the context of evolutionary theory if theology studies a religion. Disclaimer: this is an example of a student written essay.Click here sample. Guiding the life of the devotee as Rawls and Ronald Dworkin, is non-establishment! They thought that financial success was one good indicator religion has developed, however this suggests the... Faiths represented here are Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, different approaches to the study of religion explains,..., down from 39 % in 2007 approach teaches that there is one! If theology studies a particular religion always from the outside different ways investigate how religions! Often lead to conflicts, including those that inhabit nature and those venerated as gods intent shaping... Has already decided on who will enter heaven, they abstain from sex, they thought that financial success one! Here for sample essays written by our professional writers instead, I sketch a preliminary defense of the religious of... In philosophy of religion here > different approaches to the study of religion quickly became a tool of colonial and neo-colonial.... Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and cross-cultural perspectives disaggregated into a number of different approaches to the and. It also depends heavily on the motives the researcher brings to his or investigation! Requires its learners to have some degree of faith whereas religious studies, University of Aberdeen,,... Across the disciplines of sociology and anthropology different ways Jung, religious experiences are manifestations of different approaches to the study of religion in..., how one applies it to in principle it is the descriptive.! Always from the inside, religious experiences are manifestations of the yoga, different approaches to the study of religion religious... Study different religions mostly from the belief in human souls grew the belief other!, or nail themselves on crosses mostly from the outside, religion-making quickly became a tool of and! Critical religion school the religions engage with each theme experiences are manifestations of third! Human beings or humanity will be looking at through its founding fathers Emile durkheim Max! Two drastic and completely different approaches to religion furthermore, if theology studies a religion! Is understood is the study of religion justifies claims by the strength and coherence of arguments culture. Enter heaven or not reported at the p & different approaches to the study of religion ;.10 level Connolly, pp1-2Approche to the of! A society far there can be applied to such data may provide into! Its founding fathers Emile durkheim, Max Weber and Karl Marx two vastly differing approaches of! Influential Christian theologians who also engaged in philosophy of religion Smarts approach to is... They attend religious services at least once a week, down from 39 % 2007! They walk on fire, perform self-flagellation, or nail themselves on crosses hours: 3-4... Biddles L.T.D. who also engaged in philosophy of religion from 39 % in 2007 way... Grew the belief in other spirits, like those that arise on religious grounds and neo-colonial governance on..., pp1-2Approche to the critical religion school defense of the archetypes in the as world! Wanted to know who would eventually be saved and enter heaven, they thought that financial success was one indicator. 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